TJ 303 
.N7 R6 
Copy 1 



ooooooooooo o oo oo o ooooooooooo 



5YN0P5I5 OF FORMS 



FOR THE 



EXAMINATION AND LICENSING 



O F 



Stationary Engineers 



TOGETHER WITH 



FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS 



FOR THE USE OF 



Inspectors and Engineers by the Inspectors and 
Engineers' Bureau, New York City. 



FRIGE, 25 GENTS, 



MAY 80 \Hi 



i 



PUBLISHED BY 
GEORGE I. "ROBERTS & BROS., (Incorporated,) 
471 & 473 Fourth Avenue, New York. 
1896. 



OOOOOOOOO O O <> 









NEW AND VALUABLE BOOKS 

OFFERED AS SPECIAL 

FREE * PREMIUMS 

P*- FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO J# 

Tlie Eng inee rs' List. 

« ■ - ■ 

With EVERY Subscription we send $1.00 worth of Books FREE!! 



Adams. Handbook for mechanical engineers. ... $2 50 

Allsop. Electric Bells 1 25 

" Telephones, their construction and fitting. 200 

" Electric bell construction 1 25 

Armstrong. Steam boilers 75 

Bacon. Steam engine indicator 1 00 

Baldwin. Steam heating 2 50 

Barr. Steam Boilers 3 00 

" Combustion 2 50 

Barber. Engineers' sketch-book 3 00 

Box. Mill-gearing, wheels, shafts 3 00 

41 Practical treatise on heat 5 00 

" Practical hydraulics 2 00 

Colyer. Modern steam engines and boilers 5 00 

" Management of steam boilers & engines. 80 

•' Pumps and pumping machinery 500 

" Water supply, and sanitary appliances. . 1 50 

Cooper. Use of belting 3 50 

Cromwell. Belts and pulleys 1 50 

Desmond. Electricity for engineers 2 50 

Edwards. Engineers' guide 2 50 

" Catechism manne engine ....200 

" American marine engineer 250 

*• American locomotive engines 2 00 

" American engineer 2 50 

" Nine hundred examination questions.. 1 50 

Forney. Catechism, locomotive 3 50 

Grimshaw, hints to power users 1 00 

*• Practical Catechism 1 25 

•* Engine runners catechism 2 00 

*• Locomotive catechism 200 

Haswell. Engineers' pocketbook 4 00 

Hawkins. Engineers' calculations 2 50 

jpt" Boiler room instructions 250 

Hemenway. Indicator practice 2 00 

Hcathorn. Corliss engine 1 00 



H ill. Locomotive examination questions $ 50 

Hood. Steam and hot water heating 500 

Houston. Electric transmission 1 00 

" Electricity and magnetism 1 00 

" Electrical dictionary 5 00 

Kimhardt. Steam yachts 3 00 

Le Van. Steam engine indicator 400 

Meadowcroft. A, B, C of electricity 50 

Nissenson. Treatise on injectors 50 

Pray. Twenty years with the indicator 2 50 

Reed. Engineers' hand-book 4 50 

Roper. Engineers' handy book 3 50 

" Hand-book of land and marine engines.. 350 
" Care and management of steam boilers.. . 2 00 

" Use and abuse of the steam boiler 2 00 

" Hand-book of modern steam fire engines. 3 50 

" Questions and answers for engineers 3 00 

" Hand-book of the locomotive 2 50 

" Catechism of high pressure steam engines 2 00 

" Young engineers' own book /_• .... 3 00 

Rose. Slide valve {„ 1 00 

" Pattern making 350 

" Practical machinist 2 50 

" Mechanical drawing 4 00 

" Steam boilers 2 50 

" Modern steam engines 6 00 

" Key to engine running 3 00 

Sinclair. Locomotive engine running 3 00 

Smith. Boiler practice too 

" Engine practice 3 00 

The engineers' manual 50 

Williams. Heat 3 5* 

Fuel 1 50 

Wilson. Steam boilers 3 50 

Wood. Compound locomotives 3 00 

Wormell. Electricity in service of man 6 »o 



The above books embrace all branches of Engineering. Any of them will be sent by 
mail, free of postage, to any address, on receipt of price, or as free premiums for subscribers to 
the Engineers' List. 

Engineers, Associations, and Clubs, have here the most liberal offer ever made and can 
obtain any or all of these most valuable books, for their libraries free by sending in their 
subscriptions. 

Remittances should be made by Bank Drafts, P.O. Orders, Postal or Express 
Notes, or by Registered Letters. Money when otherwise sent will be at the risk 
of the sender. 

Give your full address in ever y letter . A ddress all communications, 

THE ENGINEERS' LIST, 

471 and 473 Fourth Ave:, N. Y. City. 



\ 



SYNOP SIS qf FORMS 



FOR THE 



EXAMINATION AND LICENSING 



— OF — 



Stationary Engineers 

TOGETHER WITH 

FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS 

FOR THE USE OF 

Inspectors and Engineers by the Inspectors and 
Engineers' Bureau, New York City. 



v 



FRIGE, 25 GENTS. 




& 



PUBLISH E! I > I1Y % I 

GEORGE I. ROBERTS & BROS., (Incorporated,) ^ 
Ali & 473 Fourth Avenue, New York. 
1896. 



•v O 



i*] flu 




COPYRIGHTED, 1896, BY 
GEO. I. ROBERTS & BROS. (Incorporated.) 



NEW YORK. 



r\ 



r\ 



SYNOPSIS OF FORMS 



OF THE 



EXAMINATION AND LICENSING 



OF 



Stationary Enginrrrs. 



Chapter 643 of the Laws of 1886, which amended a law originally passed 
in 1862, provides for the licensing of persons to take charge of and operate 
steam boilers and engines within the city of New York, and it is a misde- 
meanor for any person to operate a steam plant in the city without first pro- 
curing a certificate therefor. 

For the information of engineers, owners, steam users, and those who 
desire to follow the vocation of engineer, a general outline of the regulations 
adopted, and which are now in existence, in the Steam Boiler Inspection and 
Engineer's Bureau of the City of New York, is briefly given below : 

APPLICATIONS. 

To properly make application for an examination, a letter must first be 
procured from the owner, agent or lessee of a steam plant requesting the 
department to examine the applicant as to his competency and qualifications 
to operate the particular plant owned or used by the writer, the applicant is 
required to make an inspection, such as the condition and circumstances 
will admit of the boilers, pumps and engines, or whatever the plant may 
consist of, so as to be enabled, upon examination, to give as full a description 
of the plant as possible — as a complete description of the boilers, &c, is 
before the examiners during the examination, taken from the records of 
the department, as reported by the boiler inspectors at the last inspection 
made by them, and the applicant is expected to give a fairly good 
explanation of the plant he is being examined for. The license, 
when granted, gives a description of the plant, its location, the limit of the 
steam pressure allowed by law, the name of the owner, or of the building in 
which it is situated, and it is delivered to the person it is issued to at the 
place where he is at work. After presenting his letter, and the papers are 
prepared for his examination, the applicant is required to state his previous 
experience as a fireman, water tender, oiler, or engineer, and present such 



6 

Certificates of previous examinations, if he has any, or recommendations 
from engineers or others, with or for whom he has been employed — a record 
of which is made and entered upon the books of the department for future 
reference. He is then questioned as to his practical experience and the 
knowledge of the plant upon which he is to be employed. This line of ex- 
amination runs on the style, size and description of the boilers. How con- 
structed, the number of tubes, the thickness of the material of the shell, 
heads, tubes, &c, &c, why the tubes, being of thinner material than the 
head, shell, &c, are able to withstand the same pressure as the latter, why the 
heads are made heavier than the shell, &c, &s., and other questions that 
would lead the applicant to show his knowledge of the construction of a 
boiler. What valves, fixtures and fittings are upon the boiler and their use, 
the valve fittings, &c 7 upon the steam and feed lines, what they are therefor, 
and their use. The examination then continues to the care of the boiler, 
what is necessary to be done to keep the boiler in a clean and proper condi- 
tion, when it is proper to feed, and when it is improper to let water into the 
boiler, what is necessary to do in the event of the safety-valve not working 
with high pressure of steam in the boiler and the water lost to sight. They 
are also questioned upon steam pressure and the steam gauge, how steam is 
measured, and such other matters as a good fireman should know who is 
about to assume the responsibility of taking charge of and operate a steam 
boiler. He is also questioned as to the construction and operation of steam 
pumps, injectors and other apparatus used for feeding boilers. A person 
passing a satisfactory examination upon the foregoing lines will be granted a 
license of the third class. 

The certificates of the second grade necessarily embrace all the fore- 
going information, and in addition thereto the construction and operation of 
engines, pumps, &c, the setting of valves, lining up the engine, and the abil- 
ity to make such necessary repairs as would not necessitate his employer to 
send for the machinist for every small defect which might occur, and which 
could and should be remedied by the engineer. 

In the issuance of first grade licenses the department feel that they aTe 
giving a certification to the owner or steam user, that the man they are about 
to employ is in every and all respects an engineer, capable of doing all rea- 
sonable repairs to his steam plant, to make such changes and alterations as 
would tend to perfection and economy, and give satisfactory evidence as to 
ability, character, habits and general efficiency. The department is exceed- 
ingly particular to investigate and examine into the proficiency, in all re- 
spects, of those seeking the higher grade licenses. 

Licenses are revoked upon proof of incompetency, inebriety, negligence 
or for the commission of crime. 

The following notice is being served upon engineers. This circular 
speaks for itself, and as the Departments of Public Works, Health and Po- 
lice are giving it attention, it would seem advisable that remedial action 
should be given it by those who are likely to be the sufferers by its viola- 
tion : 



DEPARTMENT OF POLICE. 

New York, January '27th, 1896. 

The attention of all persons holding licenses from this Department to 
operate steam boilers, or other plants using steam in buildings, in the City 
of New York, is called to the following ordinance relating to the discharge 
of steam and hot water into sewers, and they are hereby notified that any 
willful violation of said ordinance, or neglect to comply with its provisions 
will, upon proof .of same, be considered sufficient cause for revoking their 
licenses. 

Signed, Washington Mullin, 

Sergeant in Command, 
Steam Boiler Inspection and Engineers Bureau, 
Sanitary Company. 

Chapter VI., Article 9, Section 174,Eevised Ordinances of 1880. As Amended 

February 27, 1891. 

Resolved. Thai Section 174, Article 9, Chapter 6, of the Revised Ordinances of 1880, be and the 
same is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 

Section 174. No connection with or opening into any sewer or drain shall be used for the 
conveyance or discharge into said sewer or drain of steam or hot water above 100 degrees F., from 
any steam boiler or engine, or from any manufactory or building in which steam is either used or 
generated, or to discharge or permit to escape into any sewer or drain, or into any public street 
steam from any stop-cock, valve or other opening in any steam pipe or main, under the penalty 
of fifty dollars for each and every day during any part of which such connection or opening may 
have been used for that purpose ; and the Commissioner of Public Works is hereby authorized and 
directed upon the expiration of five days after notice to discontinue the discharge of steam or hot 
water from any connection, to cancel the permit and to close up and remove the same, if such dis- 
charge of steam or hot water from such connection shall not have been discontinued. This pen- 
alty shall be imposed upon and recovered from the owner and occupants severally and respectively, 
of such manufactory or building, or from any corporation having mains for the conveyance of 
steam or hot water on the streets, avenues or public places. 

Adopted by the Board of Aldermen, February 24, 1S91, a majority of all the members elected voting 
in favor thereof. 

Approwd by the Mayor, February 27 , 1891. 

(Signed), F. S. TWOMEY. 

Clerk of the Common Council. 



8 



FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF INSPECTORS AND 

ENGINEERS, BY THE INSPECTORS AND ENGINEERS' 

BUREAU, NEW YORK CITY- 



Owing to the great increase in working pressure required upon steam 
boilers within the last few years, they are being operated to the maximum 
safe working pressure, and frequent requests are made to increase the 
limit upon old boilers. In many instances where new boilers are first 
tested there is a stipulation in the builders' contract for a certain working 
pressure which is not always safe to allow ; an erroneous idea prevails with 
many boiler makers that they can demand a desired pressure, if the boiler is 
tight and shows no bulges or other distress under a hydrostatic test of one 
and a half times the pressure guaranteed in the contract ; this admittedly 
should be allowed if upon a proper computation, a safe factor is shown. 
Experienced engineers of all nations agree that the factor of safety should 
never be less than four, and where such a low factor is allowed the boiler is 
constructed under the immediate supervision of a government boiler sur- 
veyor who tests the plates before they are made up to find the tensile 
strength, ductility, and ultimate elongation. 

At the present time a large percentage of the new boilers being erected 
are built outside the city. To determine the safe working pressure of 
boilers, where the inspector has no data to make a calculation, requires 
practical experience and skill. There are at the present time a large number 
of boilers carrying from 150 to 200 lbs. of steam in this city, and one boiler 
is allowed to carry the enormous pressure of 375 lbs. per square inch. 
While the safe working pressure of boilers may be determined the greatest 
difficulty is with valves and fittings used in connecting the boilers. Manu- 
facturers of valves and fittings have not kept pace with the boiler makers by 
using better and heavier material for this increase of pressure, and with few 
exceptions valves and fittings are no heavier than they were 20 years ago, 
when 80 lbs. was considered a high pressure. Cast iron (body)-valves 
and fittings of large diameter for carrying high pressure, are dangerous 
unless constructed of heavy castings and of good material. Great care should 
be taken to avoid rigid connections and due allowance should be made for 
expansion, with drips or bleeders of ample size, to carry off the water of con- 
densation. It is a matter to be commented upon that with over 8000 boilers 
being operated in the city, not a boiler explosion has occurred in nearly two 
years, while in the last three months of 1895 there have been a series of 
accidents from fittings bursting. This practically demonstrates the facts 
here referred to, and until legal provisions are made to govern the kind of 
metal to be used, the thickness and quality should be proportioned to 
the diameter and the pressure carried. If an owner requests that his boiler 
be tested to carry 200 lbs., and it is found that it, with the valves, fittings 
and all immediate connections has a factor of safety of 5 it should be 
allowed; as the department has no legal supervision over steam fittings 
outside the main stop valve close to the boiler, excepting where there is a 



9 

straight long run of pipe, then the inspector should see that there is room left 
for expansion at the extreme end to prevent any reactionary strain on flange 
where the pipe is connected to the boiler. On a long run of pipe there 
should be an expansion joint, or spring piece near the middle to prevent too 
great a strain on branch connections, but where inferior metals are found in 
valves and fittings, or not heavy enough in proportion to their diameter in 
the connections of a boiler and has not an equal factor of safety as the boiler 
referred to, the inspector will refuse to allow 200 lbs., although the boiler 
proper is safe to carry it and he should be governed in determining the pres- 
sure by the inferior connections. A greater effort must be made, if possible, to 
prevent the bursting of valves and fittings, and the consequent loss of life 
and damage to property, and if the following rules and directions are not 
covered by the letter of the Law, the spirit of the Law will sustain his 
efforts to make a proper inspection when the object is for the better pro- 
tection of life and property 

RULES TO DETERMINE THE SAFE WORKING PRESSURE. — EXAMPLE. 

To find the safe working pressure of a horizontal cylindrical multitubular 
boiler, 18 ft. long, 6 ft. dia. steel shell, 7-16 in. longitudinal seams double 
riveted, transverse seams single riveted, round brace rods, 1 , 1-8 in. dia. 
7 in. x 7 in. apart running from head to shell, 116 tubes 3 in. dia. 

LONGITUDINAL RUPTURE. 

Tensile Peecentage Decimal Equivalent 

Strength. fob Double Riveting. of 7-16 Both Sides. 

60,000 X - 70 X ( .4375 X 2 )=102 W. P. 

72 o 

DlAMETEB OF BoiLEB. FACTOB OF SAFETY. 

OPERATION. 

60,000 
.70 



42000,00 
.4375 

210000 
294000 
126000 
168000 

18375,0000 
2 



72) 36750 

I' 



360 | 510 Bursting Pressure. 

75 

„n 5) 510 Bursting Pressure. 



30 



102 Safe Working Pressure. 

TRANSVERSE RUPTURE. 

Area of Boiler, 72 in. Dia. ' 4071.51 

Less area 116 Tubes 3 in. Dia. 819.95 

3251.56 



10 

Circumference of shell, 226.19 (Decimals of little value not carried.) 

Thickness of steel shell 7-16 or 0.4375. Tensile resistance of steel shell 

per sq. inch, 60000 lbs. Circumference of shell multiplied by thickness 

226 x .4375=98.87, this result multiplied by tensile strength of steel 98.87 x 

60000 sq. in. = 5932200 lbs., this result divided by area of boiler . 5932200 -.1825 

\ J 3252 — 

As the riveted single joint reduces the strength of solid plate 44 per cent. 
we deduct that percentage 100 less 44=56 per cent. 1825 X 56=1022, which 
result divided by the desired pressure to be carried 102 lbs. l Q B = 10, a factor 
of safety of ten. 

These calculations give a factor of safety of 5 for longitudinal rupture 
and a factor of 10 for transverse rupture, this demonstrates the reason why 
the longitudinal seams are double riveted where high pressure is desired with 
boilers of large diameter. 

Brace Rods 1 1-8 in. dia. from head to shell area decimal equivalent .994 
(1 inch nearly,) tensile strength of rods, 50000 lbs. per sq. inch of section 
strain at point of rapture .994 X 50000=50000. Maximum area supported by 
one brace rod, 7 in. x 7 in. 49 sq. equivalent pressure per sq. inch to produce 
resulting strain ^2=1020 divided by desired pressure 102=10 a factor of 

safety of ten. 

A high factor of safety is required for the braces, on account of the con- 
stant diminution of their cross sectional area, in this calculation we have 
assumed the diagonal brace to be equal in strength to a longitudinal brace 
which is near enough unless where great accuracy is required. 

The following calculation is made to show the fallacy of the idea that a 
boiler that will stand a hydrostatic test of 150 lbs. would be safe to carry a 
working pressure of 100 lbs. We will assume that a boiler is built the same 
size excepting that the steel shell is only 1-8 in. instead of 7-16 in. and the 
longitudinal seam triple riveted, giving a percentage of 75 of the solid plate. 

60000 X 75 X f 125 X 2)= 155 lt)S burstin g pressure. 
~72~ * ^' ' ~~ 5 = 31 S. W. P. 

This imaginary boiler would stand a pressure of 150 lbs. without rupt- 
ure but would not have a safe working pressure for more than 31 lbs. with a 
factor of 5. This is not meant to instruct practical engineers, boiler makers, 
or inspectors, but to refute the vague assertions of those who are not versed 
on the subject. 

A steam boiler requires a high factor of safety on account of its rapid 
deterioration being subjected to two of the most destructive elements, fire 
and water ; the former causing crystallization, the latter internal corrosion 
and pitting, also sudden changes of temperature with the consequent severe 
strains of expansion and contraction. 

Great care should be taken in determining the maximum pressure on 
new boilers, so that a proper record can be made for future references, and 
if the full pressure is not required, re-set the safety valve and report the 
pressure allowed, and at what pressure safety valve is re-set at future 
annual inspections if the owner requests the pressure to be reduced. 

Should the boiler be in good condition, (make a note) pressure reduced 



11 

not for cause, but if reduced on account of improper care, or age, state the 
reason for so doing. If a boiler is found dangerously defective its use must 
be discontinued and repairs made immediately and retested before using. 
If defects are trifling a reasonable time may be allowed to make repairs. 

BOILER CONNECTIONS. 

Water Glass and Water Column. — For bottom connection there should 
be at least a one-inch pipe, tapped near the bottom of front tube-head, and 
have a one-half-inch blow off, with a valve or cock under the column, and 
the steam pipe connecting the top of the column should be the same size as 
the lower pipe, and tapped into the upper part of the shell dome or drum 
as far away from the main steam-pipe connection as practical. No connec- 
tion should be taken from this pipe except to gauge or the damper regulator. 
Have bottom gauge-cock three inches above highest heating surface. 

Feed Pipe. — Should be 1^-inch pipe, with globe valve between the 
check-valve and the boiler ; the pipe between the valves and the boilers 
should be extra heavy, with malleable or brass fittings. 

Feed Pump and Injector. — Always have two boiler feeds — a steam 
pump and injector. If one fails the other can be used while repairs are 
being made ; if there is no feed water heater the injector should be used in 
preference to a pump. Cold water introduced into the bottom of a boiler 
is dangerous, as it causes contracting strains and frequently starts a leak in 
the seams. Look to the sources of water supply, especially where boil- 
ers are located above the second floor. Heating boilers fed direct from 
the street main with an automatic injector, or with the average Croton press- 
ure, take a safe margin below that pressure in determining the pressure to 
be allowed. 

Blow-off Cock and Pipe. : — When connected in the combustion chamber 
or back connection the pipe should be extra heavy, with malleable or brass 
ells ; the cock or valve should be conveniently located that the engineer 
may have easy access to it, that he might be induced to use it more fre- 
quently, which is very essential. Have the pipe covered with a metal sleeve 
or asbestos to prevent the pipe from burning, or put in a circulating pipe 
connecting it with a pipe from the upper part of the boiler to a tee between 
the blow-cock and the outer wall. This will eliminate the danger of the 
dead end between the blow-cock and boiler. 

Safety Valves. — Have the valves large enough to carry off all the steam 
the boiler will generate with all other valves closed. It should be connect- 
ed direct and as close to the boiler as possible, with no valves between them 
and the boiler, or if escape is piped to the roof or flue have it full size, and 
allow no stop or check valves on it. (This may appear ridiculous, but the fact 
is, inspectors have found many connected in this way \ If this pipe is placed 
vertically have a drip-pipe tapped in the bottom of the elbow close to the 
safety valve and carried over the side of the boiler wall to prevent an accu- 
mulation of water on the valve-disc, which would prevent it blowing off 
when the pressure had reached the limit allowed in proportion to the press- 



12 

ure clue to the height of the column of water in the pipe ; as a general rule 
this pipe is uncalled for. An open escape pipe is best, as the engineer can 
more conveniently observe the action of the valve. Two small safety valves 
are preferable to a large valve where more than a four-inch valve is required 
— one to be a pop, the other a ball and lever valve. 

How to Prepare a Boiler for Hydrostatic Test. — Have the boiler filled 
with water to the safety valve, and be prepared to adjust the valve. If it is 
a pop it is best to have a gag to prevent the valve from lifting, as screwing 
down the spring puts too great a tension on it ; if it is a ball and lever 
place an extra weight on the lever, have the temperature of the water not 
less than 100° Fahrenheit nor more than 150°. The reason for this 
maximum limit is to prevent scalding in case of rupture of boiler or con- 
nections. Have the fire drawn if the boiler is locomotive or upright tubu- 
lar, or any internal fire-box, and grate bars removed. Have the bottom of 
the boiler swept clean, bridge wall clear of ashes and cinders, back connec- 
tion clear of ashes. If there is no back connection door have an aperture 
cut in the wall, so that the back tube-head and blow-off pipe can be prop- 
erly inspected. All valves, joints, handholes, and manhole should be made 
tight ; turn on Croton pressure and inspect ; if you find leaks, have repairs 
made before inspectors arrive. If you have two or more boilers connected 
together, and you desire to test one boiler with steam on the other, you 
must have two calves on the pipe between the main and boiler, with a half- 
inch hole tapped between the two valves with a nipple and valve ; this drip 
to be left open while testing This will prevent damage by the water 
hammer. 

Drum and Dome Heads.-— When the heads are flat and of the same ma- 
terial and thickness as shell they are required to be braced the same as 
other flat surfaces. When convex they require no bracing if the cone is 
equal to one-half of the radius of the dome or drum. When the head is 
thicker than shell and the dia. small, the radius of the cone may be less in 
proportion to dia. and thickness, but where the dished head appears weak 
have braces put in. Cast-iron heads require particular attention, and where 
cracks are found allow no butt strap patches. Have a new head put in. 
In case of a hole in casting have it drilled, tapped, and plugged. 

Brace Bods. — For loose bracing, especially longitudinal braces where the^ 
tension of each brace is likely to be unequal, apply a straight edge before 
the pressure is put on, and again after the pressure is removed. If there is 
no bulge in the middle each brace is carrying its share of the load. If 
there is a swell in the centre make an internal examination, and find which 
brace or braces require to be adjusted until you find equal tension on 
each brace then retest. 

Bivets or Seams Leaking. — If seam is leaking have the edge of lap 
chipped until you find clean metal, then calk ; failing to make tight look 
for rivets that may have chilled when being driven. If you find this to be 
the case have new rivets put in ; if leak continues it would indicate crystal- 



lization from being overheated or in use a long time ; metal being too hard 
to calk have a hard patch put on ; should rivets leak under heads and calk- 
ing fails to make tight have new rivets driven. If rivet heads are worn 
small put in new ones, for if one rivet gives way the strain comes on the 
next, and they will give out in detail. 

Tubes Leaking at Tube Heads. — If the tubes are apparently thick 
enough have the tubes expanded, and failing to make tight have new tubes 
put in. Loose tubes are dangerous, for two reasons, the leak will cause 
external corrosion, and being loose, if not beaded, will fail to stay the heads. 
When tubes are badly pitted have new ones put in. 

Checks in the Edge of Lap. — Where small cracks are found at furnace 
door-frame in upright tubular or locomotive boilers from rivet to edge of 
lap, have new rivets driven ; countersink the rivet holes ; cover the cracks 
by spreading the heads over the cracks ; if very numerous have a hard 
patch put on, and if found at any other part of the boiler apply the same 
remedy. 

Blisters and Laminations. — If a thin blister have it chipped to its full 
extent with a beveled edge, and if more than one-third the thickness of 
plate have a hard patch put on; in this case bear in mind that the single 
riveted seam of a patch will be about equal to 56 per cent, of solid plate. 
Laminations are defects generally found in iron boilers, and as a rule 
are found by hammer test, for in a great many cases they are not percepti- 
ble on the surface of the plate. Make repairs in the same way as for a 
blister. 

Bags on Fire or Crown Sheets. — Find by hammer test or chipping if 
the plate is burnt or only heated ; if the latter and the bulge is not deep, 
it may be passed by directing the engineer in charge to keep the internal 
pocket clean. For the former have a hard patch put on ; if the burnt part is 
of large area the lower half of fire sheet should be put in new, and in a boiler 
of large diameter, carrying a heavy pressure, have longitudinal seams, 
double-riveted ; bags are generally found in steel boilers, and is caused by 
allowing scale to gather over the fire sheet. Steel boiler plate being more 
homogeneous than iron plate seldom have blister or lamination. Allow no 
soft patches below the water line ; it is poor practice on any part of the 
boiler except for temporary repairs. 

Cracks in Tube Heads. — Where a crack extends from tube to tube, and 
there is only one in the head, a butt-strap patch may be allowed if the 
boiler is not carrying a very heavy pressure, but where there are several 
cracks have a new head put in. 

Thin Plates in Water Legs. — If water legs or water bottoms show no 
leaks, but are apparently thin, hammer test, and if still in doubt drill a 
hole at the weakest part to find the thickness. If the metal is good and 
not too thin reduce the pressure and drive rivet in the hole made. When 
found too thin a hard patch or a new water leg is the remedy. 

Leaking Under Brick Work. — Have everything in sight above the brick 



u 

work made tight. Should you find water running on the sides of shell put 
on pressure again, and if leak still continues have the brick work removed. 
Try first around the dome flange, for this is where you will generally find 
the leak ; if calking fails to make tight have a hard patch put on. Take ad- 
vantage of having brick work removed, and examine carefully the plate under 
the leaky dome flange to see if it is worn thin from external corrosion, and if 
you find it thin hard patch the same. 

Steam Gauges. — If found heavy more than two pounds or light mora 
than five pounds, or otherwise defective, have it repaired and retested. If 
the official test-gauge is a number of feet below the boiler gauge, which it 
generally is, when testing make allowance for the difference in pressure due 
to the height of the column of water. 

Setting Safety Valve. — When extra weights or gags are removed try the 
safety valves with the test pump, and see that the valve blows off freely. 
Make a note of diameter of ball and its distance from end of the lever for 
future reference. 

Blowing off after Test. — When pressure on steam gauge goes down 
slowly this indicates a choked blow-off pipe ; start up the test-pump again. 
Should pressure rise on the steam gauge you can be sure it is choked from 
probably a dirty boiler ; have the blow-off pipe cleaned out or made new. 
Take out hand holes ; make an internal inspection ; if you find the boiler 
very dirty have it cleaned out, and make complaint against the engineer if 
he has been in charge over one month. 

Defective Brick Work. — When the supporting walls of the boiler are 
defective and the boiler is in danger of falling, order repairs or new walls 
without delay. 

Engineers. — When an engineer is found negligent or incompetent report 
him to this office. An engineer found intoxicated while at work is unfit to 
perform his duty with safety to himself and the public ; arrest him and 
also make complaint at this office. 







WF IBE HEUOOUMTEBS FOB 

Hotel, Mill, and 




By the use of the Utility Pump Govern* a ff «* 
economy is attained, as the water is returned to the 
bXrs I a high temperature, the return pipes are kept 
clear and a perfect circulation maintained. 

-WTB OABBT UST STOCK 
A* Cans, Bolts, Belting and Lacing, Be,t ^^^^^S ' 
and iron Polish, Cocks, Brass and Iron f^ ^^f £ umps , Pipe, 
and Malleable, Grease, Lubricators, Oil ana uu »-up , 

Wrought and Cast Pump ™ps, g^ 

Pip, Covering, Packing of all kinds "■^^^^ WmU. Steam 

Economy Ventilating Fan. 

IN FACT EVERYTHING TO MAKE UP A COMPLETE STOCK 
HOTEL, MILL AND ENGINEERS' SUPPLIES. 

GEORGE I. ROBERTS & BROS., 

(INCORPORATED.) 

471 &c 4=73 FOTTBTH .AJVBDSranHl. 



to Sketch a S] 



